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2. ¥ÍºA¾Çªº½d³ò
¬ì¾Ç¡G¥Íª«»PÀô¹Ò¶¡¤§Ãö«Y----¦ÛµM¥¿Å¡C
õ¾Ç¡G¾÷¯à¡B²Õ´¡Bµ²ºc¤§¥¿Å¡A§ïÅÜ¥ô¤@Àô¸`¡A§Y±N¼vÅT¥þÅé¡C
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3. ¥ÍºA¾Çªº¼h¦¸
(1) ÓÅé¥ÍºA(Organisms
ecology) ¡GÓÅé¥Íª«¡ö¡÷Àô¹Ò
(2) ±Ú¸s¥ÍºA(Population
ecology)¡G¦PºØ©Î¤Ö¼ÆºØ¥Íª«¡ö¡÷Àô¹Ò
(3) ¸s»E¥ÍºA(Community
ecology)¡G¦h¼Æ¤£¦PºØ¥Íª«¡ö¡÷Àô¹Ò
Earth
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Biosphere
¡ô
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¡ô
Community
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Population
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Organisms
4. ¹ª«Ãì»P¹ª«ºô(Food Chain ¡® Food Web)
(1) ¹ª«Ãì¡G¥Ñ°Êª«¬É¹ª«ªº¨Ó·½¥H¤Î®·¹¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡A§Î¦¨¤@Ã쪬ªºµ²ºc¡C¹ª«Ãì«Y¥Ñ¤U¦C¤TªÌ²Õ¦¨¡G
l¥Í²£ªÌ(Producer)
¥]¬A´Óª«¤Î´Óª«©Ê¯B´å¥Íª«¡C§Q¥Î¤Ó¶§¯à¡A§l¦¬Àç¾iÆQ¡BCO2¡A¼W´Þ²ÓM¡AÁc´Þª«ºØ¡C
l®ø¶OªÌ(Consumer)
ªì¯Å®ø¶OªÌ¡G¯ó¹©Ê°Êª«¡C
¦¸¯Å®ø¶OªÌ¡G¦×¹©Ê¡BÂø¹©Ê°Êª«¡C¤SºÙ¤G¯Å®ø¶OªÌ¡C
¤T¯Å®ø¶OªÌ¡G®·¹¦¸¯Å®ø¶OªÌ¡C
l¤À¸ÑªÌ(Decomposer)
¥ç§Y¦UºØ·L¥Íª«¡A¥i¤À¸Ñ«e¤GªÌ¤§«ÍÅé¡B±Æªnª«¡B´Ý´í¡A¨Ï¦¨Â²³æ¦³¾÷©ÎµL¾÷ª«¡A´£¨Ñ«e¤GªÌ©Ò»Ý¤§Àç¾iÆQ¡C
(2) ¹ª«ºô¡G
¹ê»ÚÀô¹Ò¤¤¡Aµ´¤j³¡¥÷ªº°Êª«¡A¨äÄá¨ú¹ª«ªºÃö«Y¬°¹ª«ºô¦Ó«D¹ª«Ãì¡A¥ç§YÄṪº¹ï¶H¨Ã«D©w©ó³æ¤@ª«ºØ¡C¨äÄṤ§Ãö«Y¬°¤@½ÆÂøªººôª¬¡A¨Ï±o¹ª«¨Ó·½¦h¼Ë¤Æ¡A±o¥H´£ª@¨ä¥Í¦s¤§¾÷·|¡C
(3) ¯à¶qªº§Q¥Î®Ä²v
l¯à¶qª÷¦r¶ð¡]Pyramid
of energy¡^
¥Ñ¹ª«Âà´«¬°¦³®Ä¯à¶q¤§®Ä²v«D±`¦³¡A¦]¦¹®ø¶OªÌ¦pÄá¨ú°ª¤@¼h¤§¥Íª«¬°¹¡A±N¼W¥[®ø¯Ó¼Æ¿¹ª«¤§¯à¶q¡C
l¥Íª«¶qª÷¦r¶ð¡]Biomass Pyramid¡^
¨äì²z¦P¯à¶qª÷¦r¶ð¤§ì²z¡C
®ø¶OªÌ¦pÄá¨ú¹ª«Ã줤°ª¤@¼h¤§¥Íª«¬°¹¡A¼W¥[®ø¯Ó¤§¹ª«¶q¦p¥H¤Q¿p¡A±N»Ýn¼W¥[¤Q¿ªº¹A§@±¿n¡A¼W¥[¤Q¿ªº¹AÃĪήƬI¥Î¶q¡A¼W¥[¤Q¿ªºÄéµ@»Ý¤ô¶q¡A³y¦¨Àô¹Òt²üªº¼W¥[«h±N»·¤j©ó¤Q¿¡C¬Û¹ïªº¦p°§C¹ª«Ãì¤@¼h¥Íª«¬°¹¡A±N¥i¤j´T°§CÀô¹Òt²ü¡A§Ö³t§ïµ½Àô¹Ò«~½è¡C
(4) ¥Íª«²Ö¿n»P¥Íª«©ñ¤j§@¥Î
l¥Íª«²Ö¿n¡]Bio-accumulation¡^
¬r©Êª«¶i¤JÅ餺¡A³Q²ÓM§l¦¬¡A¦]µLªk¤À¸Ñ©ÎÃø¥H¤À¸Ñ¡A¤£©ö±Æ°£©ÎÄá¨ú³t²v¶W¹L±Æ°£³t²v¡A³vº¥²Ö¿n©óÅ餺¦ÓP¬r®`¡C
l¥Íª«©ñ¤j¡]Bio-magnification¡^
¸g¥Ñ¹ª«Ã줧Ãö«Y¡A¦p¿ï¾Ü¹ª«Ã줧°ª¼h¥Íª«¬°¹¡A±N¦]¯à¶qª÷¦r¶ð»P¥Íª«¶qª÷¦r¶ð¤§ì²z¡A®ø¯Ó¤§¹ª«¶q¼É¼W¡A±N¨Ï²Ö¿n©óÅ餺¤§¬rª«¿@«×§Ö³t¼W¥[¦ÓP¬r®`¡C
Bioaccumulation is the buildup of certain chemicals within tissues and
organs of the body. It results from several factors, and selective absorption.
Heavy metals, for example, cannot be broken down in the body, and they bind
strongly to proteins, reducing their excretion. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, such
as DDT, are also resistant to breakdown, and because they are fat soluble, they
remain in the body fat permanently.
Scallops
and other mollusks that feed on material suspended in water selectively take up
certain toxic elements from seawater, such as the heavy metals zinc, copper,
cadmium, and chromium. The level of cadmium in scallops in polluted waters, for
example, may be 2.3 million times that of seawater. While such concentrations
do not always cause problems to the organisms, they can create troubles for those
that eat them because of a phenomenon known as biological magnification.
As
shown in figure, the pesticide DDT in water is absorbed by zooplankton,
single-celled organisms that live in water. Small fish ingest DDT when they
feed on zooplankton, and the persistent insecticide is concentrated in their
body fat. As illustrated, tissue concentrations increase substantially at each
level of the food chain.
This
increase in tissue concentrations of a toxin in successive trophic levels of a
food chain is called biological
magnification. Biological magnification occurs because DDT is a fat-soluble
chemical that is stored in body fat, not readily broken down, and not excreted.
The more fish an osprey eats, the higher its DDT levels become. The
concentration of DDT, in fact, may be several million times greater in
fish-eating birds than it is in water. For humans, magnification that occurs in
the food chain may be as much as 75,000 to 150,000.
Biological
magnification exposes organisms high on the food chain to potentially dangerous
levels of persistent toxins. Synthetic chemicals like DDT, some lead and
mercury compounds, and even some radioactive substances are all biomagnified.
The presence of this phenomenon is important to consider when judging the risk
that a chemical poses to humans and the many species that live among us.
DDT in fish-eating birds (ospreys) 25 ppm
¡ô
DDT in large fish (pike) 2 ppm
¡ô
DDT in small fish (minnows) 0.5 ppm
¡ô
DDT in zooplankton 0.04 ppm
¡ô
DDT in water 3¡Ñ10-6 ppm
(Daniel D. Chiras,
¡§Environmental Science - Action for a Sustainable Future¡¨, 4th ed., The
Benjamin/Cumming Publishing Company Inc. 1994.)
l¨EªºÈ
¨ ¶¼¥Î¤ô¤ô½è¼Ð·Ç¡G0.002 mg/L (ppm)
¨ ¹¦Ì¶q¼Ð·Ç0.05 ppm (76. 9.16.½Ã¥Í¸p¤½§i)
¨ ¦³®`¼o±óª«»{©w¼Ð·Ç¡G0.2 ppm (91.1.9Àô«O¸p)
¨ °j´å©Ê³½Ãþ°£¥~¤§©Ò¦³³½½¼Ãþ¥Ò°ò¨E§t¶qÀ³¦b0.5 ppm¥H¤U¡C°j´å©Ê³½Ãþ¤§¥Ò°ò¨E§t¶qÀ³¦b2.0 ppm¥H¤U¡C(81.8.26.½Ã¥Í¸p¤½§i)
(4) ¯À¹»PÀô¹Ò«OÅ@ªºÃö«Y
l¥Ñ¯à¶q§Q¥Î®Ä²v¨Ó¬Ý¡A¯À¹ªÌ®ø¯Óªº¹ª«¶q¶È¦³¸§¹ªÌªº¤Q¤À¤§¤@¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦Ê¤À¤§¤@¡C¦pªG¤j®a³£§ï¬°¯À¹¡A©Ò¸`¬Ù¤j¶qªº¹ª«¡A´£¨Ñµ¹Â³¹¯Ê¥Fªº¦a°Ï¨Ï¥Î¡A«h¥þ²y±N¨S¦³Â³¹¤£¨¬ªº°ê®a¡C
l¥ÑÀô¹Ò¦Ã¬V»PÀô¹Ò¯}Ãa¨Ó¬Ý¡A¯À¹ªÌ¸`¬Ù¤j¶qªº¹ª«¡A¬Û¹ï¥i¸`¬Ù¼s¤j¹A¦aªº»Ý¨D¡AÁקK¹A¦a¶}µo³y¦¨ªº¤s©Y¦a¯}Ãa¡B¤gÄ[¬y¥¢¡B¤gÄ[ÆQ¤Æµ¥°ÝÃD¡C¤]¦]¦Ó¤j´T´î¤Ö¹AÃÄ»PªÎ®Æ¤§¬I¥Î¡AÁקK´òªy¤ô®wªºÀu¾i¤Æ¡C¤S¦]¤£»Ýn°Êª«Ãþ¹ª«¡A±N¥iÁקK¯bªª·~³y¦¨ªº¤ô¦Ã¬V°ÝÃD»P¯f¦º¸V¯b¬Ì¯e¶Ç¬V¤§°ÝÃD¡B¾i´Þ·~³y¦¨ªº¶W©â¦a¤U¤ô°ÝÃD¡Bº®·~³y¦¨ªº®ü¬v¥ÍºA¥¢¿Å°ÝÃDµ¥¡C
l¥Ñ¥ÍºA¥¿Å¨Ó¬Ý¡A¨S¦³¤F¯bªª·~¡B¾i´Þ·~¡A±N¤£·|³y¦¨¤f¿á¬Ì¡B¸V¬y·Pµ¥½E¬Ì¤§½¯©µ¡A¤]¦]¹A²£«~»Ý¨D¶qÆJ´î¦ÓÁקK¥ÍºA¨t¾D¨ì¹AÃĬr®`¤§«Â¯Ù¡A§ó¦]¹A¦a»Ý¨D¤§´î¤Ö¦Ó¼W¥[¤F¦ÛµM¥ÍºAµo®i¤§ªÅ¶¡¡C
(5) ¯À¹»P°·±dªºÃö«Y
l¥Ñ¥Íª«©ñ¤j²{¶H¨Ó¬Ý¡A¹¥Î°ª¤@¼hªº¹ª«Ãì¡A©ÒÄá¨ú¨ìªºPÀùª«µ¥¬r©Êª«½è¤j¬ù¼W¥[¤Q¿¡C§ó¦óªp¹}¾i¸V¯b©ÒÁýªº¹ª««~½è»P²M¼ä¡AÅãµM»·¤£¤Î¤HÃþ¦Û¤v¹¥Îªº¹ª«¡F¹}¾i¹Lµ{¬°¤FÁקK¸V¯b·P¬V¬Ì¯e¡A¹}¾iªÌ¸g±`¦h¦¸¨Ï¥Î§Ü¥Í¯Àª`®g©Î±N¨äºU¤J¹}®Æ¤¤¡A¤w¦³³\¦h¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü³o¨Ç§Ü¥Í¯À¦h¬°PÀùªº¤¸¥û¡C¦p¹¥Î®ü¬v¤¤¸û°ª¼h¹ª«Ã줧³½Ãþ¡A¨ä¬r©Êª«½è¤§©ñ¤j±N§ó¬°ÄY«¡C¥xÆW¦a°ÏÀù¯g¦º¤`²v©~¤Q¤j¦º¦]ªº²Ä¤@¦ì¡A¥B¤G¤Q¦~¨Ó¼W¥[¤@¿¥H¤W¡A¯à¤£Äµ±§¶Ü¡H
l°Êª«©Ê¯×ªÕ¦b¤HÅ餺®e©ö³y¦¨¦åºÞªý¶ë¡A¤ßŦ¦åºÞ¨t¯e¯f(¤Q¤j¦º¦]²Ä¤G¦ì)»P¤¤·µ¥¡A§¡»P¦¹¦³±K¤ÁÃö«Y¡C±`¹¥Î¨Å»s«~§ó®e©ö³y¦¨°©Àf¤¤¶tªº¬y¥¢¡A¶i¦Ó¾ÉP°©Àf¶pÃP¯g¡C
l¤HÃþ©Ò»Ýnªº¦UºØÀç¾i¦b´Óª«¤¤¥þ³¡³£¦³¡A¦Y¯ÀªÌ¥Í¯fªº·§²v»·§C©ó¦Y¸§ªÌ¡C
(6) ´L«¥Í©R§ï¦Y¯À¹
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