古希臘人以建築物的造型設計、尺度、比例，模擬理想的身體的結構。羅馬人繼承希臘的規模，再創造出圓頂穹窿 (dome)、拱頂 (vault)、和大會堂 (basilica)的空間世界。Dome和Vault激發一種向上躍升的仰望、Basilica則顯示對人間事務規劃的理性。基督教的重精神和來生(after life)使其宗教建築注入一股不斷向上衝的欲望和意志。教堂越蓋越高是中世紀的趨勢。二、三百年蓋一座大教堂 (cathedral)是一件集體的功德，貢獻給永恆的上帝，也是地方的榮耀。大教堂(cathedral)的建設刺激了經濟發展、技藝的傳承，帶動了歐洲大學 (university)的興起。

1. [8.8-9] Old Saint Peter's Basilica. Rome. C. A.D. 333. A combination of Greek Temple facade and Roman Palace (cf. 7.54-57,The Pantheon). The basilica (長形會堂) was gradually developed into monastery. 空間呈水平線延展。

2. The Byzantine Style: [9.1-4] Hagia Sophia (Greek for "Holy Wisdom") as a monument and symbol. (A). A longitudinal Roman basilica + a domed construction 水平的延展 +垂直向上的躍升--西方空間想像的大突破；四方體的大會堂--basilica (像徵人間的律法) + 圓體的穹窿--dome (像徵天體)。Dome: 希臘羅馬星辰的家鄉、眾神的廳堂，轉變為天主教上帝的寶座。(B). Monumental: the highest building before 10^th century (55.2m). (C). "Light" as the symbol of divine wisdom. 啟發中世紀Gothic architecture 的花窗靈感。

A dome construction.

3. [9.4-11] San Vitale, Ravenna. C. 530-548. A octagonal church. This church reminds me of the labyrinthine library in Eco's novel, The name of the Rose (電影<玫瑰本性,史恩•康那來主演)

4. The Romanesque Style: 西元800年查理曼大帝獲教會加冕，以地上王國統治者的身分，矢志復興Classic culture--即指基督教化的羅馬、拜占庭的文化，稱為The Carolingian Renaissance.在查理曼大帝去世、王國分裂，但羅馬式的風格也因分布到歐洲，造就出來的文化風格叫做The Romanesque Style。(A) heavy stone and masonry 厚重的石造、磚石結構。(B)vaulted dome 拱形穹窿或圓頂。(C) grotesque exterior church decoration 戶外裝飾通常忽略正常的比例，也不強調部分與部分之間的聯系。

　 A Romanesque dome construction

[11.22] Chapel of Charlemagne, Cachen. C. 795. Influenced by San Vitale church. 此修道院有城堡的意象。室外的陽光和室內的陰涼形成強烈對比：內部空間規律但遮蔽，最極端的例子是plan for an ideal monastery of Saint Gall in Switzerland [11.24]。

5. [12.24-35 ] The grotesque taste in the Romanesque style: early 12^th century.美的畸形與畸形的美：拉長的人形、不成比例的並置、不自然的色調，這些特徵會在「樣式主義」(mannerism),中再度出現；代表高度秩序之後的對陳溺的懷疑、未來的不安、幻想的放縱─一如後現代的當代。

6. The Early Gothic (12^th Century): [13.1]Abbey Church of Saint Denis, c. 1140 A.D.

[13.8] Leon Cathedral, began c. 1190.

7. The High Gothic (13^th Century): (A) Stable and proportional design. (B) More realistic in the shape and facial expression of the church sculpture. (C) Radiate shape and fantastic color in the stained glass window.

(13.16-18) Chatres Cathedral

Comparison between Early Gothic (L) and High Gothic (R) cathedral

8. The Late Gothic (14^th Century): (A) No more interest in height, but in width. (B) New decorative style, and new possibility in the decoration on the vaulted structure. (C) Interest in individuality.

[13.46, 47, 52], [13.57] Cologne Cathedral, Germany 1248.

9. The Mysticism of Light: The stained glass window